Argument by analogy ethics in a nutshell vids chapter 1. Analogical reasoning can be understood as a kind of resemblance of one thing to another, thus assigning properties from one context to another. If you can come up with another alternative, please let me know what that is. This will enable us to determine what the analogical form of the design argument is, and the logical. Almost everything about the the basic structure of the universe. The teleological argument the teleological argument or proof for the existence of a deity is sometimes called the design argument. The evidence of a watch naturally leads one to suppose there is a watchmaker because its an intricate mechanism that appears to be designed for a particular purpose. Humes objections to the teleological argument for god. Critique of the teleological argument david hume 17111776 dialogues concerning natural religioncontains the classical critique of the teleo logical argument. In human experience, complex enterprises require teamwork. The first teleological argument examined above was analogical in nature, for it was based on an analogy between the form of a city plan, a composition, an architectural design, and the order of nature. The theory of evolution does not, however, destroy every version of the design argument, since not all versions of an example of such an argument is given by the character of cleanthes in the selection from humes dialogues. Thus, what a deductive argument by analogy requires is a principle that makes the argument valid 2a. His critique of the design argument can be summarised in the following points humes objections to the teleological argument for god.
If the instances are sufficiently similar, the decision reached in the end is usually a good one. The strength of an analogical argument depends on three factors. The teleological argument and the anthropic principle william lane craig. May, 2020 the teleological argument applies this principle to the whole universe.
If designs imply a designer, and the universe shows marks of design, then the universe was designed. If i stumbled on a stone and asked how it came to be there, it would be difficult to show that the answer, it has lain there forever is absurd. Senior scientist, learning research and development center. Teleological arguments or arguments from design by contrast begin with a. Hume remains the key critique of the design argument or teleological argument for god. The logical problems that prevented david hume from refuting. Even if you have never heard of either argument, you are probably familiar with the central idea of the argument, i. Use of the anthropic principle to nullify our wonder at these coincidences is logically fallacious unless conjoined with the metaphysical hypothesis of a world ensemble. It is a centuriesold argument supported by many philosophers.
Ontological requirements for analogical, teleological, and. For example, in the example given above rats and humans have many properties in common. This will enable us to determine what the analogical form of. It is difficult to deny the presence of order and complexity in the universe.
In this dialogue, cleanthes represents the position of natural theology. When a person has a bad experience with a product and decides not to buy anything further. In 1993, berman and hafner criticized casebased models of legal reasoning for not modeling analogical and teleological elements. In broad outline, then, teleological arguments focus upon finding and identifying various traces of the operation of a mind in nature. The teleological argument utilizes the analogy of a watch. Before darwin, organisms were seen as existing because god had designed and created them. Nature of project and summary of sections historically, the argument from design probably has been the most widely cited argument. Logical and analogical reasoning are sometimes viewed as mutually exclusive alternatives, but formal logic is actually a highly constrained and stylized method of using analogies. Although hume devastated the teleological argument two decades before the publication of natural theology, paleys argument continues to exert influence in. Mar 12, 2008 the strength of an analogical argument depends on three factors. Analogical reasoning is one of the most common methods by which human beings attempt to understand the world and make decisions. In a typical instance of analogical mapping, a familiar situation the base or source description is matched with a less familiar situation the target description. Pdf william paley published his famous version of teleological.
Essay on the argument from design, by william paley bartleby. The strengths of the design argument this proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect. Start with a target domain where you want to create new understanding. Especially helpful on this site are several the objections to the argument from charles darwin, richard dawkins, and cultural anthropology. In the argument from design, paley tries to prove the existence of a supreme being through the development of a special kind.
Just as a watch, with its inteligent design and complex function must have been created by an intelligent maker. Paleys teleological argument is based on an analogy. Objections to the teleological argument david hume. This is an inference to the best explanation version of the teleological argument. The teleological or physicotheological argument, also known as the argument from design, or intelligent design argument is an argument for the existence of god or, more generally, for an intelligent creator based on perceived evidence of intelligent design in the natural world the earliest recorded versions of this argument are associated with socrates in ancient greece, although it has. Arguments for the existence god the design argument this chapter will cover. What i chiefly scruple in this subject, said philo, is not so much that all religious arguments are by cleanthes reduced to experience, as that they appear not to be even the most certain and irrefragable of that inferior kind. This version of the teleological argument is based on the idea that a designer of nature is the best explanation of the worlds order. The teleological argument is based on analogy which, if taken seriously, actually yields pagan conclusions.
Toward modeling analogical, teleological, and hypothetical. The basic premise, of all teleological arguments for the existence of god, is that. Design arguments are routinely classed as analogical. What does it mean to say that the universe is fine tuned for the existence of life. The earliest recorded versions of this argument are associated with. The analogical reasoning is much weaker, when we infer the circulation of the sap in vegetables from our experience that the blood circulates. An argument by analogy is an argument where the inference goes via an analogical. Analogical reasoning, humephilo reminds us once again, rests on. The teleological or physicotheological argument, also known as the argument from design, or intelligent design argument is an argument for the existence of god or, more generally, for an intelligent creator based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural world. What is the teleological argument for the existence of god.
The power, and yet the limitations, of this kind of reasoning is illustrated in microcosm by the. While a deductive inference is truthpreserving, inductive, abductive and analogical. The teleological argument applies this principle to the whole universe. Inductive reasoning begins with experience which may be universal i. Analogical reasoning is any type of thinking that relies upon an analogy. Whereas the crucial notion of the cosmological argument is causality, the teleological argument from the greek word teleos meaning end or purpose argues qua regularity and qua purpose1. Analogical reasoning is using an analogy, a type of comparison between two things, to develop understanding and meaning. The strengths of the design argument are the strengths of inductive reasoning.
A single strand of dna equates to one volume of the encyclopedia britannica. An analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two. Teleological arguments for gods existence stanford. According to paley, the inference from the observation of the intricate design of the universe to. An exploration of the finetuning of the universe robin collins 1. The reasoning leading to the existence of god uses empirical principles. Argumentbased logic programming for analogical reasoning springerlink. Teleological arguments or arguments from design by contrast begin with a much more. Criticisms of design arguments from david hume you will need to consider six things for this section 1 the basis of paleys analogical argument in observation and thought. Another lesson learned since then is the role of ontologies in representing domain knowledge so that a legal reasoning system can represent and solve problems. First, the more properties x and y have in common, the better the argument. An argument is said to be analogical when the line of reasoning runs from known characteristics of an object or event to the conclusion that a second object, in some ways similar to the first, exhibits other like characteristics.
The teleological argument or the design argument has this general form. Before any subject can be formalized to the stage where logic can be applied to it. Information for this series obtained from the sep ht. Teleological arguments for gods existence stanford encyclopedia of. Critique of the teleological argument david hume 17111776 dialogues concerning natural religioncontains the classical critique of the teleo. During the 1800th century, william paley, an english philosopher of religion and ethics, wrote the essay the argument from design. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. The teleological argument the many worlds of logic.
The fallacy of argument by cliche this video is designed to help students, lifelong learners and professionals understand the fallacy of argument by cliche a common mistake in reasoning and ethics in a nutshell chapter 7. As a tool of decision making and problem solving, analogy is used to simplify complex scenarios to something that can be more readily understood. Analogical reasoning, psychologyof 107 analogical mapping analogical mapping is the core process in analogy. In chapter ii we will examine the argument from design, as presented in part ii of the dialogues by cleanthes, in light of analogical reasoning. The argument is clearly invalid since it is possible for 1, 1a, and 2 to be true and 3 false. How a proponent of the design argument should reply. An analogy is a comparison between two objects, or systems of objects, that highlights respects in which they are thought to be similar.
This is a principle asserts that p is true for anything that has some specific relevant feature x. The teleological argument by william paley application of the argument every indication of contrivance, every manifestation of design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature. Teleological arguments or arguments from design by contrast begin with a much more specialized catalogue of properties and end with a conclusion concerning the existence of a designer with the intellectual properties knowledge, purpose, understanding, foresight, wisdom, intention necessary to design the things exhibiting the special properties in question. Analogical reasoning study guide by anmurp includes 9 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. To the degree that an analogical argument meets these standards it is a strong argument. The rationale for this is that, while analogical reasoning invariably involves a mapping process, it does not always require. Paley goes on for two chapters discussing the watch, discussing the properties in it which evince design, destroying potential objections to concluding design in the watch, and discussing what can and. Although paleys argument is routinely construed as analogical, it in fact contains an informal statement of the above variant argument type. In analogical reasoning, an analogy for a given thing or situation is found, where the analogy is like the given thing in some way. The universe exhibits apparent design, that is, the ordering of complex means to the fulfillment of intelligible goals, ends, or purposes. If we extrapolate from the nature of the universe to the nature of its creator then we should infer from the finitude of the universe that the creator is finite.
Its commonly used to make decisions, solve problems and communicate. An argument is said to be analogical when the line of reasoning runs from known characteristics of an object or event to the conclusion that a second object, in. But, baggini argues, the analogy fails because the universe is not like a watch. Pdf did paley ignore hume on the argument from design. This is a principle asserts that p is true for anything that has some specific relevant feature x full structure of a deductive argument by analogy. The universe exists and is not chaotic but orderly. Oct 30, 2012 the strengths of the design argument this proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect. A history of the teleological argument based on the watch analogy is sketched with quotations from the original sources in this entry from the wikipedia.
Once an analogical mapping has been done, the analogy and its inferences are judged. Nov 30, 2019 12 objections to the teleological argument david hume 21. Toward modeling analogical, teleological, and hypothetical legal reasoning in a case microworld kevin d. Teleology in biology is the use of the language of goaldirectedness in accounts of evolutionary adaptation, which some biologists and philosophers of science find problematic. We have usually found a purposive, intelligent will to be the cause of such design or order. The teleological argument or proof for the existence of a deity is sometimes called the design argument. The teleological or physicotheological argument, also known as the argument from design. Analogy and analogical reasoning stanford encyclopedia of. We begin with mapping, the core process in analogical reasoning, and its subprocesses, reserving retrieval for later. What an analogical argument does is 1 to show that x and y are analogous to each other i. Other attributes of the analogical situation are then taken to also represent other attributes of the given thing. Clearly, every life form in earths history has been highly complex. Disciplines argument types of reasoning analogical reasoning. An outlining of the standard teleological argument from analogy and some reasons to accept the premises.
Ontological requirements for analogical, teleological, and hypothetical legal reasoning kevin d. Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive argument, whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed. This argument has been variously called the teleological argument from the greek telos, meaning an end or goal, the argument from design due not to chance but to design, and the analogical argument because it proceeds by drawing an analogy between the apparently goaldirected behavior of things in the natural worldbirds. Used by permission of in the logic of rational theism. The discovery during our generation of the socalled anthropic coincidences in the initial conditions of the universe has breathed new life into the teleological argument. Argumentbased logic programming for analogical reasoning. The logical problems that prevented david hume from. Paley, the analogical teleological argument and hume, critique of the analogical teleological argument, pp. Other attributes of the analogical situation are then taken to. The watchmaker analogy, framing the teleological argument with reference to a timepiece. Yet this is not true if the stone were to be a watch.